29. Department of Energy Established
1. Legislation creating the Department of Energy passed the Senate on May 18 and the House on June 3, 1977.
Congressional action, including approval of the conference report, was completed by August 3. President Carter signed
the bill into law on August 4, 1977. The next day Carter named Schlesinger as the first Secretary of Energy.
The Department was officially activated1 on October 1, 1977.
1、美国参议院于1977年5月18日、众议院于6月3日通过了创立美国能源部的法律。如此，国会方面的工作，包含批准会议报告，于8月3日全部完成。1977年8月4日，卡特总统签署该法案使其生效。第二天卡特总统提名施莱辛格担任第一任能源部长。1977年十月1日美国能源部正式挂牌。
2. Schlesingers initial task was to meld all headquarters, field, and staff programs from the component2 agencies, including their various
supporting offices and functions, into a unified3 Department of Energy with about 20,000 employees and an annual budget of $10.4 billion. The Departments first Secretary contended that, historically, the problem with new departments had been that they pulled together existing agencies
under the same roof without integrating the activities of those agencies. The legislation creating the Department of Energy, Schlesinger believed
was broad enough to allow him to achieve the desired effective integration4. Department of Energy Organization and Structure
2、施莱辛格部长面临的最重要任务是整理每个从属部门，与它们的各种支持机构和职能机构的总部、范围和职员安排，使之成为一个拥有2万雇员、104亿USD年预算的能源部。第一任部长说，新能源部所面临的历史性的问题是怎么样将已经存在的不少机构聚合到同一屋顶之下，而同时又不干扰各自的活动及职能。施莱辛格觉得，创立能源部的立法赋予了他足够的权力，可以完成这次有效的整理。能源部的组织结构
3. The new Department of Energy did not simply organize existing agencies and offices under new leadership but reshaped many programs
and functions to fit the national energy policy of the Carter Administration. By law, the Department would be led by three principal officers: the
Secretary, Deputy Secretary, and Under Secretary. Energy technologies would not be pided by fuel type, such as fossil, nuclear, or solar, but
grouped under assistant secretaries according to their evolution from research and development through application and commercialization. This
approach reflected the administrations decision to formulate5 a comprehensive energy policy rather than to engage simply in fuel management. Thus basic research was placed in the
Office of Energy Research. Inpidual research and development projects in solar, geothermal, fossil, and nuclear energy were placed under the
assistant secretary for energy technology. After scientific and technical feasibility was determined6, projects would be transferred to the assistant
secretary for resource applications or to the assistant secretary for conservation and solar applications, who had specialized7 expertise8 in commercialization
and energy markets. The assistant secretary for environment would assure that all departmental programs were consistent with environmental and safety
laws, regulations, and policies. The assistant secretary for defense9 programs would inherit responsibility for the nuclear weapons programs.
3、新的能源部并非简单地在新的领导机制下重组旧有些政府机构和部门，而是对不少项目和职能进行再造，使之适应卡特政府所推行的国家能源政策。依据法律，能源部由三名主要点导人负责：部长，常务副部长和副部长。能源技术将不会依据燃料品种分类，比如化石燃料、核燃料或太阳能，而是根据从研发到应用和商业化的不同进步阶段，由不一样的部长助理分管。这种方法反映出政府的一个理念：即拟定综合的能源政策，而不是简单地进行燃料管理。因此，基础研究归属能源研究局负责。有关太阳能、地热、化石燃料和核能源的特别研发项目由主管能源技术的部长助理负责。一旦其科技可行性确定之后，项目将转给分管资源应用的部长助理，或分管节能和太阳能应用的部长助理，他们在商业化和能源市场范围具备专长。分管环境的部长助理将负责保证能源部的所有项目需要符合有关的环境和安全方面的法律、法规、政策。分管国防项目的部长助理将接手核武器计划的管理责任。
4. The Department, despite its perse origins, was structured to allow for the continuity of programs and functions from predecessor10 organizations
while blending their expertise into new management teams. All activities of the Federal Energy Administration and the Energy Research and
Development Administration were distributed among appropriate assistant secretaries, administrators11, and the director of the Office of Energy Research.
Also, limited functions were transferred from the Departments of Agriculture, Commerce, Housing and Urban Development, and Transportation. Additional
transfer included the Alaska, Bonneville, Southeastern, and Southwestern power marketing12 administrations from the Interior Department and the Navy oil
reserves and oil shale13 reserves from the Department of Defense.
4、尽管由来源不一样的部门组合而成，能源部的构架使之可以承担起以前任机构那里接手的项目和职能，同时把各家之所长融合到一个新的管理团队中。联邦能源局和能源研究与进步局的所有活动被分割成几部分，分别由部长助理、局长和能源研究办公室的主任相应地负责。同时，农业部、商务部、住房与城市进步部和交通部的一些职能也被转到了这里。另外，还包含从内政部转移来的阿拉斯加、波尼维尔、东南和西南区域电力市场管理局，与从国防部转来的海军石油储备局和石油页岩储备局。
5. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission was established as an independent agency within the Department of Energy. The five-member commission, headed by a chairman, was given the responsibility for the licensing14 and regulation of hydroelectric power projects, the regulation
of electric utilities, the transmission and sale of electric power, the transportation and sale of natural gas, and the operation of natural gas and oil pipelines15.
The commission inherited most of its functions and personnel from the Federal Power Commission, which had been established in 1920. In addition, the Federal
Energy Regulatory Commissions authority to regulate oil pipelines came from the Interstate Commerce Commission.
5、在美国能源部里设立了联邦能源法规委员会，它是一个独立的国家职能机构，该委员会有五名委员组成，由一个主席领导。联邦能源法规委员会的职责如下：颁发许可证并规范水力发电项目，规范电力设施，电力的输送和销售，天然气的输送和销售与天然气和石油管道的管理。联邦能源法规委员会从成立于1920年的联邦电力委员会继承了大多数职能和员工。此外，其管理天然气和石油管道的权力继承自州际商务委员会。
6. Regulatory programs not included in the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission were placed under the Economic Regulatory Administration,
one of two administrations created in the Department. The Economic Regulatory Administration assumed the oil pricing, allocation, and import programs,
which had been administered by the Federal Energy Administration. Most of these programs had been established during the 1973-1974 oil embargo16 under the Emergency Petroleum17 Allocation Act and extended by subsequent legislation. Other regulatory programs included emergency
and contingency18 plans, controls over importing and exporting natural gas, supervision19 of utilities and industry converting from oil and gas to coal, establishment
of priorities for natural gas curtailment20, and coordination21 of regional power systems.
6、那些不归属联邦能源法规委员会的能源立法项目由联邦经济法规局负责，它是在能源部里新成立的两个局之一，负责规范油价、分配和进口等项目。这类项目以前由联邦能源局管理。这类项目中的大部分都是在1973至1974年石油禁运期间依据《紧急石油分配法》与后来派生的立法推行的。其他的法律规范活动包含紧急和突发事件应付计划、天然气进出口管制、对从石油和天然气中制取焦碳的工业和应用的监管、压缩天然气优先性的拟定，与地区电力系统之间的协调。
7. The Departments second administration, the Energy Information Administration, consolidated22 the Federal Governments many perse energy data systems. By centralizing the most important data-gathering activities, the Energy Information Administration would provide comprehensive data and timely analysis for the President, the Department,
Congress, and the public. To determine reliability23 of data, the administration would conduct field audits24. Besides projecting long-term energy trends, the administration was expected to develop systems for estimating national fuel reserves and reporting the financial status of energy
producing companies.
7、能源信息局是能源部的第二个局，它统一了联邦政府中很多不一样的能源数据系统。通过将非常重要的数据采集活动集中化，能源信息局为美国总统、能源部、议会和社会提供全方位的数据和准时的剖析。能源信息局实行现场审计确定数据的靠谱性。大伙寄期望于能源信息局，期望它可以预测长期能源发展势头、估算国家燃料储量与报告能源生产企业财务情况。
8. The Department of Energy inherited about forty regional and field offices, university programs, and laboratories from the predecessor agencies.
These varied25 from the ten regional regulatory offices of the Federal Energy Administration to the Bureau of Mines research laboratories at Bartlesville,
Morgantown, Pittsburgh, and Laramie. The bulk of the Departments inherited facilities came from the Atomic Energy Commission, passed on through the short-lived Energy Research and Development Administration. These included eight operations offices and various production and weapons facilities. Perhaps
the jewels in the crown were the scientific laboratories at Argonne, Berkeley, Brookhaven, Livermore, Los Alamos, Oak Ridge26, and the new Solar Energy
Research Institute established in Golden, Colorado. The Department of Energy thus kept intact the network of national laboratories as a valuable national
resource.
8、能源部从以前每个国家机关继承了大约40个不同区域和范围的机构、大学的研究项目和实验室。这类形形色色的机构来自联邦能源局的10个地区管理局，与联邦矿业局一些科研实验室，这类实验室坐落于巴特斯韦尔、摩根镇、匹斯堡和雷瑞米等处。能源部所继承的大多数设施间接源于原子能委员会，过去短暂存在的能源研究开发署继承了原子能委员会的设施，而能源部又从能源研究开发署继承了这类设施。这类设施包含8个运营办公室、各种生产设施和军工设施。其中可以称为皇冠上的钻石的是坐落在阿尔贡、伯克利、布鲁克海文、利沃莫、洛斯阿拉莫斯和橡山的科学实验室，与坐落在科罗拉多州高尔登的新太阳能研究所。美国能源部好似保护珍贵的国家资源一样保持着这类实验室互联网的完整运作。
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